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G-codes

What are G-codes?

G-codes are commands used in CNC (Computer Numerical Control) systems to control the movements and operations of machining tools. G-codes are standardized machining codes that include commands such as executing movements, setting machining speeds, and changing tools. With G-codes, CNC machines can perform precise and complex machining operations, such as milling, turning, drilling, and other cutting processes.

Common uses for G-codes

Motion commands

G-codes define the movements of a CNC machine along different axes. Examples of G-codes that control movement include:

  • G00: Rapid positioning command, which moves the tool to a specified location at the machine's maximum speed.
  • G01: Linear motion, where the tool moves in a straight line at a specified feed rate.
  • G02: Circular movement clockwise.
  • G03: Circular movement counterclockwise.

Machining commands

G-codes also control various machining operations, such as:

  • G73: Drilling cycle, deep hole drilling.
  • G81: Drilling cycle, standard drilling.
  • G83: Drilling cycle, deep hole drilling.
  • G84: Drilling cycle, tapping.

Coordinate system management

G-codes adjust the machine's machining planes and work coordinate systems:

  • G17: Working in the XY plane.
  • G18: Working in the XZ plane.
  • G19: Working in the YZ plane.
  • G54-G59: User-defined locations or work coordinate systems.

Combining different codes

There are also codes that combine various functions and settings, such as:

  • G41: Tool radius compensation to the left.
  • G42: Tool radius compensation to the right.
  • G90: Absolute programming mode.
  • G91: Incremental (relative) programming mode.

Differences in G-codes between various CNC control systems

It's important to note that different CNC control systems such as Fanuc, Siemens, and Haas may interpret and use G-codes differently. In some systems, certain G-codes may work a bit differently or have additional parameters. This makes it essential to understand the specific CNC control system's specifications and manuals when programming machining paths.

Examples of G-code usage

In complex machining tasks, such as 2D and 3D geometry machining, G-codes precisely control the movements of the machine tool. For example, in dynamic milling, a combination of codes may be required to control the machine's movements using straight feed motions, arcs, rapid movements, and other parameters.

Summary

G-codes are core instructions in CNC control systems that direct the movements and operations of machining tools. They make it possible to manufacture complex geometries with high precision and are critical for efficient and accurate machining. While the principles are generally consistent, there can be differences between CNC control systems, which makes machine-specific knowledge essential for achieving quality machining results.